As Semiconductor designs continue to scale in complexity and integration, ensuring that chips can be tested thoroughly and economically has become a strategic priority. Manufacturing defects, process variations, and subtle design issues can render even functionally correct designs unusable if they are not detected efficiently during production. Design for Testability https://plastic-storage-box76319.gynoblog.com/38320878/understanding-the-physical-design-perspective-in-modern-vlsi-education